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Inhalant
Substances such as spray paint； freon； and glue that produce an intoxicating effect when inhaled。
Innate
Occurring without learning； inborn。
Insanity
A legal term representing the inability to know right from wrong or the inability to understand the consequences of one's actions。
Insight
The understanding of a relationship between current thoughts； feelings； and/or behaviors and where these originated or how they are maintained。
Instinct
A behavior we are born with and therefore does not need to be learned。
Intelligence
The degree to which one can adapt to one’s environment。
Intelligence Quotient ＇IQ＇
The scores achieved on psychological tests aimed at quantifying intellectual ability。
Interaction Effects
When the effect of one variable on another is contingent on a third variable； this contingency is called an interaction effect。
Internal Consistency
An estimate of how reliable a test is when items on the test are pared to each other。 See split…half and odd…even reliability。
Internal Locus of Control
The belief that an individual has more control over life circumstances than the environment does。
Internal Validity
A measure of the trustworthiness of a sample of data。 Internal validity looks at the subject； testing； and environment in which the data collection took place。
Interquartile Range
The difference between the scores （or estimated scores） at the 75th percentile and the 25th percentile。 Used more than the range because it eliminates extreme scores。
Interval Estimation
Estimating the population statistic based on a range around a sample statistic。
Interval Scale
Any scale of measurement possessing magnitude and equal intervals； but not an absolute zero。
Interview
A subjective personality and mental health assessment typically consisting of questions and answers。
Intrinsic Motivation
The motivation or desire to do something based on the enjoyment of the behavior itself rather than relying on or requiring external reinforcement。
Introspection
The process of examining one's own consciousness。
Introversion
The tendency to focus energy inward resulting in decreased social interaction。
J
Just Noticeable Difference
The smallest change in a sensory perception that is detectable 50％ of the time。
Jung； Carl
A student of Freud who split from the Psychoanalytic Society because of his disagreements with Freud； especially his view of the collective unconscious。
K
Kurtosis
The shape of a curve or distribution of scores （See Leptokurtic； Mesokurtic； and Platykurtic）。
L
Latency Stage
Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development where sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their same sex parent and interact with same sex peers。
Latent Content
Freud's term for the underlying or hidden content represented in the symbols of dreams。
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement but is not demonstrated until such time as reinforcement occurs。
Law of Effect
Theory proposed by Thorndike stating that those responses that are followed by a positive consequence will be repeated more frequently than those that are not。
Learned Helplessness
A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control。
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to an interaction with the environment。
Learning Theory
Based on the idea that changes in behavior result more from experience and less from our personality or how we think or feel about a situation。
Legitimate Power
Power derived through one's position； such as a police officer or elected official。
Libido
Sigmund Freud’s terminology of sexual energy or sexual drive。
Limbic System
A brain system that plays a role in emotional expression； particularly in the emotional ponent of behavior； memory； and motivation。
Locus of Control
A belief about the amount of control a person has over situations in their life。
Longitudinal Study
A research design that assesses the effects of development （maturation） by using the same subjects over an extended period of time
Long Term Memory
Relatively permanent memory。
Lower Confidence Limit
The lower limit of a confidence interval。 If prediction states that the true score falls between 80 and 90； then the lower confidence level is 80。
Lucid Dream
A dream in which you are aware of dreaming and are sometimes able to manipulate the dream。
心理学英文名词解释02
M
Magnitude
Characteristic of a scale of measurement where the individual units possess the qualities of greater than； equal to； or less than。
Main Effect
The effect of one variable on another without any other variables or subgroups involvement。
Manifest Content
According to Freud； the story…like superficial content of a dream； often representing only the daily activities and little underlying unconscious material。
Maslow； Abraham
Humanistic Theorist most famous for the development of the Hierarchy of Needs。
Maturation
Changes due to the natural process of aging as determined by your genetics
Mean
A measure of central tendency determined by adding all scores together and dividing by the number of scores。 Often referred to as the statistical average。
Measure of Central Tendency
An average （see Mean； Median； and/or Mode）
Measurement； Scales of
Categories of data based on their numerical characteristics （See Ratio； Interval； Ordinal； and Nominal Scales）
Median
A measure of central tendency that uses the middle most occurring score in a distribution （the score that occurs at exactly the 50th percentile）。
Medulla Oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life…sustaining functions such as heartbeat； breathing； blood pressure； and digestion。
Memory Effect
Error in research that results from subjects recalling previous testing and applying that knowledge to current testing。
Mesokurtic
A curve or distribution that has a balanced amount of variance so that is resembles a normal curve。
Meta Analysis
The statistical procedure used to bine numerous and independent research results into one study。 Each research study bees one subject in the meta…analysis。
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory； 2nd。 Edition
An Objective test utilizing 567 items which have been empirically derived to measure a variety of psychological concerns。
MMPI…2
See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory； 2nd。 Edition。
Mode
A measure of central tendency that uses the most frequently occurring score。 A distribution with two or more scores that are equal and occur most frequently is called multi…modal。
Modeling
Learning through the imitation or observation of others。
Mortality
Subject drop…out in a research study。 Mortality bees a problem when a disproportionate drop out rate occurs between two or more groups （Example： 30％ of males drop out of group one while only 2％ of males drop out in group two； resulting in uneven groups）。
Motivation
The process that energizes and/or maintains a behavior。
Motive
Internal states that provide direction for one's behaviors。
Multiple Correlation
A correlational technique used when there is one X and two or more Y。 （Example： the correlation between age and （math and English ability）。
N
N
Symbol used for the number of subjects or data in a distribution。 A study with 10 subjects would have an N equal to 10。
Naturalistic Observation
A research method where the subject（s） is（are） observed without interruption under normal or natural circumstances。
NCE Score
A standard score that sets the mean to fifty and standard deviation to 21。06； allowing the 99th percentile to have a score of 99 and the first percentile a score of 1。
Negative Correlation
a correlation where one two variables tend to move in the opposite direction （example： the number of pages printed and the amount of ink left in your printer are negatively correlated。 The more pages printed； the less ink you have left。）
Negative Skew
A curve or distribution of scores that has extreme scores below the mean that are atypical o