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得餍灾剩弧∪サ袅瞬换嵊跋熘饕庖澹弧⊥ǔＳ枚汉庞胨南刃写史挚�
The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained。
The boys； who wanted to play football； were disappointed when it rained。
如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词； 或是带有形容词性物主代词（my； his； etc）或形容词性指示代词（this； that； etc）作限定词； 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的：
Mary Smith； who is in the corner； wants to meet you。
Her mother； who had long suffered form arthritis； died last night。
All these books； which have been donated by visiting professors； are to be used by the postgraduates。
在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人； 用which指物；通常不用that替代。
My father； who had been on a visit to America； returned yesterday。
All the books； which had pictures in them； were sent to the little girl。
定语从句的引导词
that； who； whom： 非限制性定语从句； 如果修饰人； 一般用who； 有时用that （作主语时用who较多）。 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语； 就应当用宾格 whom 或that； 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉； 在口语中可用who代替whom。
Here is the man （whom） you’ve been looking for。
He is a man （that） you can safely depend on。
The people （who/that） you were talking to were Swedes。
There are some people here who I want you to meet。
但在介词后只能用whom：
This is the man to whom I referred。
但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去； 这时可用that； 但省略时更多一些。
Have you met the person about whom he was speaking？
Have you met the person （that） he was speaking about
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin。
The girl （who/that） I spoke to is my cousin。
限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”； 用关系代词that的时候较多； 也有时用which。。 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时； 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的； 特别是口语中（尤其是当被修饰的词是all； everything等词时）：
Have you everything you need？
（Is there） anything I can do for you？
All you have to do is to press the button。
在介词后只能用which； 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去； 这时可以用that； 但省略的时候更多一些：
The tool with which he is working is called a wrench。
The tool （that） he is working with is called a wrench。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion。
This is the question （that） we’ve had so much discussion about。
定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的； 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a）； 或是句子的一部分 b）； 引导词用which：
They have invited me to visit their country； which is very kind of them。
The activity was postponed； which was exactly what we wanted
When deeply absorbed in work； which he often was； he would fet all about eating and sleeping。
She was very patient towards the children； which her husband seldom was。
whose： 在表示“．．．的”这个概念时； 可用所有格 whose； whose 用于指物； 有时可与of which交替使用； 通常的词序是 名词词组 ＋ of which：
Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast？
We had a meeting whose purpose was pletely unclear。 （…the purpose of which was…）
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve pletely fotten。 （…whose name I’ve…）
of which前的名词词组也可以由some； any； none； all； both； several； enough； many； most； few以及基数词担任； 这些词也能用在 of whom之前。
The buses； most of which were already full； were surrounded by an angry crowd。
It’s a family of eight children； all of whom are studying music。
关系副词 when； where； why： 它们的含义相当于 at which； in which； for which； 因此它们之间有交替使用的可能。
The day when he was born…
on which he was born…
which he was born on…
The office where he works…
at which he works…
which he works at…
有时可用that替代关系副词； 在口语中that 可省略。
Every time （that） the telephone rings； he gets nervous。
This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss。
Do you know anywhere （that） I can get a drink？
This is the place （where） we met yesterday。
That is the reason （why） he did it。
在the way 后也可用that 替代in which； 在口语中that也可省略。
This is the way （that/in which） he did it。
That’s the way I look at it。
如果定语从句中谓语为 there is； 作主语的关系代词也常可省掉：
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people。
This is the fastest train （that） there is to Nanjing。
定语从句的简化： 定语从句与不定式结构； ing分词结构； ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系。
He was the only one to realize the danger （ who realized the danger）。
The woman driving the car （ who was driving the car） indicated that she was going to turn left。
The man injured by the bullet （ who was injured by the bullet） was taken to hospital。
All the women present （ who were present） looked up in alarm。
Ⅶ 倒装
全部倒装和部分倒装： 如果谓语在主语前面； 就是倒装语序。 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。 在全部倒装的句子中； 整个谓语都放在主语的前面：
Here are some registered letters for you。
In came a man with a white beard。
在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分（如助动词； 情态动词； 或系动词be等）放在主语前面； 其余部分仍在主语后面：
Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post。
I couldn’t answer the question。 Nor could anyone else in our class。
Only in this way is it possible to acplish the abovementioned glorious task。
以neither； nor； so等开始的句子： 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人（或东西）的句子（肯定句）； 由neither； nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人（或东西）的句子（否定句）； 助动词或be置于主语前。
“We must start for the worksite now”。 “ So must we。”
I am quite willing to help and so are the others。
He didn’t drop any hint。 Nor （Neither） did his secretary。
“I won’t do such a thing。” “Nor （Neither） will I。”
如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思； 尽管是用so开头； 语序也不要颠倒。
“It was cold yesterday。” “So it was。”
“Tomorrow will be Monday。” “So it will。”
当句首状语为 never； little； not only； not until； hardly； scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时； 一般引起部分倒装。
No longer are they staying with us。
No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill。
Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle。
表示位置或方向的副词提前； 谓语动词为 go； e等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时； 通常用全部倒装：
There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat。
The door burst open and I rushed the crowd。
There es the bus
Now es your turn。
1。 如果主语是代词； 仍用正常语序：
There es your turn。
有here引起； 谓语为be的句子； 也要倒装：
Here is China’s largest tropical forest。
Here are some picturebooks。
2。 如果主语是代词； 仍用正常语序：
Here we are。 This is the new railway station。
“Give me some paper。” “Here you are。”
3。 表语和系动词提前：
介词短语： On the other side was northern Xinjiang。
Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard。
形容词： Very important in the farmer’s life is the radio weather report。
Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered。
副词： Below is a restaurant。
Southwest of the reservoir were 2；000 acres of sandy wasteland。
分词： Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library； an auditorium and recreation rooms。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold； silver； copper； lead and zink。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17。
Standing beside the table was an interpreter。
6） 句首状语若由 only ＋ 副词； only ＋ 介词词组； only ＋ 状语从句构成； 引起局部倒装：
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing。
Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets。
Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end。
有not only开头的句子或分句； 往往引起局部倒装：
Not only did he plain about the food； he also refused to pay for it。
Not only did the garage overcharge me； but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either。
Ⅷ 比较级和最高级
无比较级和最高级的形容词及副词： plete； perfect； utter； etc
比较从句
as…as； almost/just/nearly as…as； not so/as …as：
We’ll give you as much help as we can。
I haven’t made as much progress as I should。
We’ve produced twice as much cotton this year as we did ten years ago。
My mand of English is not half so （as） good as yours。
than； so much/a lot more than； no more… than； not more…than； less than
more…than； less…than可表示“与其说…不如说…”：
He is more good than bad。
He was less hurt than frightened。
The present crisis in capitalist countries is much more a political than an economic crisis。
“no ＋ 形容词或副词比较级 ＋ than”所表示的可以是该形容词或副词的相反的含义：
no rich than as poor as
no bigger